| | (specifier) that; the; those (colloquial pr. [nei4]) / (pronoun) that (referring to persons, things or situations) / then (in that case) | HSK 1 |
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| | beforehand; first; earlier / at first; originally / for the time being; for now / (prefix) my late (in referring to deceased relatives older than oneself) | HSK 1 |
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| | plural marker for pronouns, and nouns referring to individuals | HSK 1 |
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| | home / family / (polite) my (sister, uncle etc) / classifier for families or businesses / refers to the philosophical schools of pre-Han China / noun suffix for a specialist in some activity, such as a musician or revolutionary, corresponding to English -ist, -er, -ary or -ian / CL: 個｜个 | HSK 1 |
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| | child; kid (used to refer to a child, or by an adult to address a child, or, in Taiwan, to refer to sb's own child) / CL: 個｜个 | HSK 1 |
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| | south; southern direction / (in China) southern regions, often referring to areas south of the Yangtze River | HSK 2 |
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| | to research / to check / to investigate / to examine / to refer to / to look up (e.g. a word in a dictionary) | HSK 2 |
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| | to mention / to raise (a subject) / to refer to | HSK 2 |
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| | (after a verb or adjective) one who (is) ... / (after a noun) person involved in ... / -er / -ist / (used after a number or 後｜后 or 前 to refer to sth mentioned previously) / (used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term) / (old) (used at the end of a command) / (old) this | HSK 3 |
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| | Chinese cabbage, esp. napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) / sometimes used to refer to bok choy (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) / CL: 棵, 個｜个 | HSK 3 |
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| | to press / to push / to leave aside or shelve / to control / to restrain / to keep one's hand on / to check or refer to / according to / in the light of / (of an editor or author) to make a comment | HSK 3 |
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| | finger / to point at or to / to indicate or refer to / to depend on / to count on / (of hair) to stand on end | HSK 3 |
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| | consultation / reference / to consult / to refer | HSK 4 |
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| | other people / sb else / he, she or they / I, me (referring to oneself as "one" or "people") | HSK 4 |
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| | his / her / its / their / that / such / it (refers to sth preceding it) | HSK 5 |
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| | to liberate / to emancipate / liberation / refers to the Communists' victory over the Nationalists in 1949 / CL: 次 | HSK 5 |
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| | to submit (a report etc) / to refer (a problem) to sb | HSK 6 |
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| | old man / I (an old man referring to himself) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | what is meant by the expression ...; what is referred to as ... / (derog.) so-called | HSK 7-9 |
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| | systemic problem (sometimes refers specifically to corrupt practices) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to refer to / to speak about / to talk about | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to consult a reference / to refer to (another document) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | person of low social status (old) / I, me (used to refer humbly to oneself) / nasty person / vile character | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to split heaven and earth apart (idiom); refers to the Pangu 盤古｜盘古 creation myth | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to refer to / see also / compare (cf.) / to pay respect to | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to reform and open to the outside world / refers to Deng Xiaoping's policies from around 1980 | HSK 7-9 |
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| | vertical stroke (in Chinese characters), referred to as 豎筆｜竖笔 | |
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| | narcissus / daffodil / legendary aquatic immortal / refers to those buried at sea / person who wanders abroad and does not return | |
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| | that one / that thing / that (as opposed to this) / (used before a verb or adjective for emphasis) / (used to humorously or indirectly refer to sth embarrassing, funny etc, or when one can't think of the right word) / (used in speech as a filler, similar to "umm", "you know" etc) / (euph.) menstruation / sex / also pr. [nei4 ge5] | |
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| | faucet; tap / bicycle handlebar / chief; boss (esp. of a gang) / (referring to a company) leader; front-runner / figurehead on the prow of a dragon boat 龍船｜龙船 | |
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| | to convert / conversion / (in accounting, referring to currency conversion) translation | |
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| | to consult / to refer to / to look sth up in a reference source | |
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| | bright moon / refers to 夜明珠, a legendary pearl that can glow in the dark / CL: 輪｜轮 | |
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| | component in Chinese characters, occurring in 青, 毒, 素 etc, referred to as 青字頭｜青字头 | |
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| | refers to various monocotyledonous flowering plants including Acorus calamus and Typha orientalis / common cattail / bullrush | |
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| | south of Changjiang or Yangtze river / south of the lower reaches of Changjiang / often refers to south Jiangsu, south Anhui and north Zhejiang provinces / a province during Qing times / in literature, refers to the sunny south / Gangnam (district in Seoul, South Korea) | |
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| | permanent residency permit (originally referred specifically to the US green card) | |
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| | to be generally referred to (as) / generic term | |
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| | refers to the Yellow Turbans Peasant Uprising at the end of later Han (from 184) | |
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| | to invade China (referring to 19th century imperialist powers and Japan) | |
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| | to refer in particular to | |
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| | island nation (sometimes refers specifically to Japan) | |
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| | to consult / to refer to / to read (instructions) | |
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| | monk (Sanskrit: Sramana, originally refers to north India) / Buddhist monk | |
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| | Zhou, pejorative name given posthumously to the last king of the Shang dynasty, King Zhou of Shang 商紂王｜商纣王 (the name refers to a crupper 紂｜纣, the piece of horse tack most likely to be soiled by the horse) | |
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| | one who is cut off from others (idiom) / one who has chosen to follow a solitary path / (can also be an indirect way of referring to an unmarried person) | |
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| | commonly referred to as / common term | |
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| | Manchurian Qing (refers to the Qing dynasty, esp. at its decline, or as an anti-Qing slogan) | |
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| | Wenshang County in Jining 濟寧｜济宁, Shandong / classically, upper reaches of Wen River in Shandong, used to refer to Qi 齊國｜齐国 | |
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| | Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) / refers to the Western Han and Eastern Han | |
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| | to face childbirth / about to give birth / refers esp. to the onset of regular contractions | |
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| | (coll.) bicycle; bike (esp. in Hong Kong, Taiwan and southern China and, more generally, used across China to refer to a bike-share bicycle) | |
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| | term; name; way of referring to sb or sth | |
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| | to grow (a plant) in a pot / potted plant (sometimes refers specifically to a bonsai plant) | |
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| | to hold in (usually refers the mouth or eyes) | |
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| | Buddha (term of respect for Sakyamuni 釋迦牟尼｜释迦牟尼) / His Holiness (refers to a Buddhist grandee) / Buddha / God / emperor / in late Qing court, refers exclusively to Empress Dowager Cixi 慈禧太后 | |
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| | a hundred schools of thought contend (idiom); refers to the classical philosophic schools of the Warring States period 475-221 BC | |
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| | end point (may refer to either end of sth with a start and an end) / (math.) endpoint | |
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| | to encircle and annihilate / refers to repeated campaigns of the Guomindang against the communists from 1930 onwards | |
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| | Greenwich (former location of Greenwich observatory, at zero longitude) / refers to Greenwich mean time | |
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| | national humiliation, refers to Japanese incursions into China in the 1930s and 40s, and more especially to Mukden railway incident of 18th September 1931 九一八事變｜九一八事变 and subsequent Japanese annexation of Manchuria | |
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| | book (chiefly used to refer to a plurality of books or books in general) | |
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| | to speak of / to refer to | |
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| | Wen River in northwest Sichuan (same as 汶川) / classical name of river in Shandong, used to refer to Qi 齊國｜齐国 | |
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| | (Buddhism) Pure Land, usually refers to Amitabha Buddha's Western Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss (Sukhavati in Sanskrit) | |
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| | a hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend (idiom); refers to the classical philosophic schools of the Warring States period 475-221 BC, but adopted for Mao's campaign of 1956 | |
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| | a widow (a widow's way of referring to herself in former times) | |
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| | the queen of flowers (refers esp. to plum blossom) / (fig.) nickname for a famous beauty or courtesan | |
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| | to consult for reference / see also; please refer to | |
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| | (idiom) to observe with an indifferent attitude; to be a bystander (usually referring to someone who could get involved but chooses not to) | |
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| | to recommend sb; to give a referral | |
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| | "roof" radical (Kangxi radical 40), occurring in 家, 定, 安 etc, referred to as 寶蓋｜宝盖 | |
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| | refers to academics employed as imperial secretaries from the Tang onwards, forming the Hanlin Imperial Academy 翰林院 | |
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| | copious / plentiful (of water) / surging (of waves) / refers to home village of first Han emperor 漢高祖｜汉高祖 / fig. majestic | |
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| | refers to Tiananmen incident of 4th June 1989 | |
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| | various sages / refers to the classical schools of thought, e.g. Confucianism 儒 represented by Confucius 孔子 and Mencius 孟子, Daoism 道 by Laozi 老子 and Zhuangzi 莊子｜庄子, Mohism 墨 by Mozi 墨子, Legalism 法 by Sunzi 孫子｜孙子 and Han Feizi 韓非子｜韩非子, and numerous others | |
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| | alternative name / to refer to sth by another name; antonomasia | |
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| | (idiom) to come first in triennial palace examinations (refers to the carved stone turtle head in front of the imperial palace, next to which the most successful candidate in the imperial examinations was entitled to stand); to be the champion; to be the very best in any field | |
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| | Iron Curtain (1945-1991) (In Taiwan, the word was used to refer to both the Iron Curtain and the Bamboo Curtain.) | |
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| | Rehe, Qing dynasty province abolished in 1955 and divided among Hebei, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia / refers to the Qing imperial resort at Chengde / see also 避暑山莊｜避暑山庄 (history) | |
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| | to refer obliquely to / to insinuate / innuendo | |
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| | the author; the writer (usu. refers to oneself) | |
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| | military strategy / military tactics / originally refers to military classics Six Secret Teachings 六韜｜六韬 and Three Strategies 三略 | |
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| | Manchu / bannerman (refers to the eight Manchu banners 八旗) | |
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| | lit. the assassin's dagger, concealed in a map scroll, is suddenly revealed when the map is unrolled (referring to the attempted assassination of Ying Zheng 嬴政 by Jing Ke 荊軻｜荆轲 in 227 BC) (idiom) / fig. malicious intent suddenly becomes apparent | |
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| | (literary) fishermen and woodcutters (used to refer to rustic people or a simple, pastoral lifestyle) | |
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| | lit. secretly crossing the Wei River 渭河 at Chencang (idiom, refers to a stratagem used by Liu Bang 劉邦｜刘邦 in 206 BC against Xiang Yu 項羽｜项羽 of Chu) / fig. to feign one thing while doing another / to cheat under cover of a diversion | |
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| | lit. the lioness from Hedong roars (idiom) / fig. refers to a shrewish wife or a henpecked husband | |
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| | fifty (usually referring to sb's age) | |
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| | (Tw) grandma (also used to refer to or address an elderly woman) (from Taiwanese 阿媽, Tai-lo pr. [a-má]) | |
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| | sugar-coated bullets, term used by Mao (originally in 1949) to refer to corrupting bourgeois influences | |
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| | Kangxi radical 18 ( 刀) as a vertical side element, referred to as 立刀旁 or 側刀旁｜侧刀旁 | |
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| | designation / reference / to refer to | |
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| | sage hero / refers to Mahatma Gandhi | |
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| | to refer broadly to / general term | |
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| | Ryūkyū / refers to the Ryūkyū Islands 琉球群島｜琉球群岛 stretching from Japan to Taiwan / Liuchiu township in Pingtung County 屏東縣｜屏东县, Taiwan | |
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| | (idiom) chivalrous hero, often one who combats injustice or fights for a noble cause (originally referred to a group of outlaws who assembled in 綠林｜绿林) | |
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| | model teacher of every age (idiom) / eternal paragon / refers to Confucius (551-479 BC) 孔子 | |
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| | radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 13), occurring in 用, 同, 網｜网 etc, referred to as 同字框 | |
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| | yellow peril (offensive term referring to the perceived threat to Western nations, of immigration or military expansion from East Asian nations) | |
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