| | because / owing to / on account of | HSK 2 |
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| | why? / for what reason? | HSK 2 |
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| | because of / for / to | HSK 2 |
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| | action / conduct / behavior / activity | HSK 2 |
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| | to believe; to think; to consider; to feel | HSK 2 |
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| | to think (i.e. to take it to be true that ...) (Usually there is an implication that the notion is mistaken – except when expressing one's own current opinion.) | HSK 2 |
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| | to become; to turn into | HSK 2 |
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| | to change into | HSK 3 |
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| | as (in the capacity of) / to take sth as / to act as / to serve as / to behave as / to become / to be / to do / by (in the passive voice) | HSK 3 |
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| | for; for the purpose of; in order to | HSK 3 |
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| | to be called; to be known as; to call it "..." | HSK 3 |
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| | one's conduct / deed / activity / accomplishment / achievement / to act as / as (in the capacity of) / qua / to view as / to look upon (sth as) / to take sth to be | HSK 4 |
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| | to be classified as | HSK 4 |
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| | to divide sth into (parts); to subdivide | HSK 4 |
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| | to feel embarrassed or awkward / to make things difficult (for someone) / to find things difficult (to do or manage) | HSK 5 |
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| | to rely mainly on / to attach most importance to | HSK 5 |
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| | to view as / to see as / to consider to be / to deem | HSK 5 |
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| | (to be done) by (a certain date) / lasting (a certain time) | HSK 5 |
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| | until / (used in combination with words like 到 or 至 in constructs of the form 到... 為止|到... 为止) | HSK 5 |
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| | why | HSK 6 |
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| | for this reason / with regards to this / in this respect / in order to do this / to this end | HSK 6 |
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| | artificial / man-made / having human cause or origin / human attempt or effort | HSK 7-9 |
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| | one's conduct and deeds | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to change into | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to conduct oneself / behavior; conduct; personal character | HSK 7-9 |
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| | extremely; exceedingly | HSK 7-9 |
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| | especially | HSK 7-9 |
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| | not to accept as correct (idiom); to object / to disapprove / to take exception to | HSK 7-9 |
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| | so far / up to now / still (not) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | (idiom) powerless to do anything about it | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to believe oneself infallible (idiom) / to be opinionated | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to turn peril into safety (idiom); to avert disaster | HSK 7-9 |
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| | to see what is right and act courageously (idiom, from Analects); to stand up bravely for the truth / acting heroically in a just cause | HSK 7-9 |
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| | embarrassed | HSK 7-9 |
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| | mutually dependent for life (idiom); to rely upon one another for survival / interdependent | HSK 7-9 |
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| | attempting nothing and accomplishing nothing (idiom); without any initiative or drive / feckless | HSK 7-9 |
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| | with great prospects for the future (idiom); well worth doing | HSK 7-9 |
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| | not known to anyone / secret / unknown | HSK 7-9 |
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| | rather / quite | |
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| | not an exaggeration / not excessive / not wide of the mark | |
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| | to take rash action | |
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| | sexual behavior | |
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| | | |
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| | to break the law and commit crimes (idiom); malefactor / evildoer / to perpetrate outrages | |
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| | comparatively / relatively / fairly | |
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| | what one does / doings | |
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| | to take as a guiding principle (idiom) | |
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| | the most | |
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| | in the capacity of / as | |
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| | for sb / for others' interest | |
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| | to remain unmoved | |
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| | promising / to show promise | |
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| | very / greatly | |
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| | to force an honest girl into prostitution (idiom) / to debauch | |
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| | to sink down to / to be reduced to (sth inferior) | |
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| | to advance gradually and entrench oneself at every step / to consolidate at every step | |
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| | head / be headed by | |
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| | in numerical terms (typically followed by 不少 or 不多 or a number) | |
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| | widely | |
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| | to level / to raze to the ground | |
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| | until now; so far | |
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| | to bother / to press sb, usu. to do sth / it's a tough job / sorry to bother you (polite, used to thank sb for a favor) | |
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| | nonfeasance / omission (law) | |
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| | to elect as / to choose as / to consider as | |
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| | very / extremely | |
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| | what is / (old) what for / (in a rhetorical question) it's no use | |
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| | (old) why | |
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| | for a specific purpose / specially | |
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| | not to mind / unconcerned | |
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| | tort; infringement (of sb's rights) | |
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| | to be intensely proud of sth (idiom) | |
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| | rarely known to anyone (idiom); almost unknown / secret to all but a few | |
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| | one divides into two / to be two-sided / there are two sides to everything / to see both sb's good points and shortcomings (idiom) | |
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| | (idiom) to gasp in amazement / to acclaim as the peak of perfection | |
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| | in order to / because of / for the sake of | |
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| | timewise / pertaining to time | |
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| | (idiom) between a rock and a hard place / in a dilemma | |
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| | to tackle a difficult job (idiom) / to do sth reluctantly | |
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| | (idiom) to do whatever one pleases | |
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| | pleasure from helping others (idiom) | |
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| | to do one's best; to shape up; to fend for oneself / you're on your own | |
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| | packed with people / overcrowded / overpopulation | |
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| | to associate with / to keep company with | |
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| | to take sth to be true | |
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| | villains collude together (idiom); to work hand in glove with sb (to nefarious ends) | |
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| | young and promising | |
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| | to merge together (idiom); to unify disparate elements into one whole | |
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| | (idiom) the first impression is the strongest; to hold a preconceived notion (about sth) | |
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| | to try one's utmost / to strive | |
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| | | |
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| | to turn defeat into victory (idiom); to turn the tide | |
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| | (idiom) to illegally take possession of; to appropriate | |
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| | daring / presumptuous / daredevil | |
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| | can still be considered (to be...) / may after all be accepted as | |
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| | lit. the guest acts as host (idiom); fig. to turn from passive to active behavior | |
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| | to confuse one thing with another (idiom); to muddle | |
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| | (idiom) to rid the people of a scourge | |
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| | to weigh one's abilities and act accordingly / to act according to one's means / to cut one's coat according to one's cloth | |
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| | (idiom) to go up in smoke; to vanish | |
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| | (idiom) to consider it a pleasure to be among the first to read (or watch or enjoy) | |
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