| | front / forward / ahead / first / top (followed by a number) / future / ago / before / BC (e.g. 前293 年) / former / formerly | HSK 1 |
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| | quilt / to cover (with) / (literary) to suffer (a misfortune) / used to indicate passive voice (placed before the doer of the action like "by" in English passive-voice sentences, or, if the doer is not mentioned, before the verb) / (since c. 2009) (sarcastic or jocular) used to indicate that the following word should be regarded as being in air quotes (as in 被旅遊｜被旅游 to "go on a trip") | HSK 3 |
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| | second of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / second in order / letter "B" or Roman "II" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / second party (in legal contract, usually 乙方, as opposed to 甲方) / ethyl / bent / winding / radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 5) / ancient Chinese compass point: 105° | HSK 5 |
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| | first of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / (used for an unspecified person or thing) / first (in a list, as a party to a contract etc) / letter "A" or roman "I" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / armor plating / shell or carapace / (of the fingers or toes) nail / bladed leather or metal armor (old) / ranking system used in the Imperial examinations (old) / civil administration unit in the baojia 保甲 system (old) / ancient Chinese compass point: 75° | HSK 5 |
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| | moist; glossy; sleek / to moisten; to lubricate / to embellish; to enhance / profit; remuneration / (neologism c. 2021) (slang) (loanword from "run") to emigrate (in order to flee adverse conditions) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | third of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / third in order / letter "C" or Roman "III" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 165° / propyl | HSK 7-9 |
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| | Confucian school, founded by Confucius 孔子 (551-479 BC) and Mencius 孟子 (c. 372-c. 289 BC) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | °C (degrees Celsius) | HSK 7-9 |
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| | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) / surname Shang | |
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| | surname Qin / Qin dynasty (221-207 BC) of the first emperor 秦始皇 / short name for 陝西｜陕西 | |
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| | (neologism, c. 2015) (coll.) most prominent position (e.g. in a group photo of entertainers) (loanword from "carry" or "center" or "core") | |
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| | C drive or default startup drive (computing) | |
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| | surname Chen / Chen (c. 1045 - 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state / Chen (557-589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝 | |
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| | Ke (c. 2000 BC), seventh of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農｜神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) / surname Ming / Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農｜神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Duke of Zhou (11th c. BC), son of King Wen of Zhou 周文王, played an important role as regent in founding the Western Zhou 西周, and is also known as the "God of Dreams" | |
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| | surname Yi / alternative name for 絳｜绛, the capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC) | |
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| | surname Wei / name of a vassal state of the Zhou dynasty from 661 BC in Shanxi, one of the Seven Hero Warring States / Wei state, founded by Cao Cao 曹操, one of the Three Kingdoms after the Han dynasty / the Wei dynasty 221-265 / Wei Prefecture or Wei County at various times in history | |
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| | Han ethnic group / Chinese (language) / the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | to be revealed / to come out (of the truth) / chalk (for whitening walls) / (old) wine cup / (neologism c. 2021) healthcare worker or volunteer in full-body PPE (esp. during the COVID-19 pandemic) (from the 2014 Disney version of the Marvel Comics character Baymax, whose Chinese name is 大白) | |
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| | surname Wei / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1066-221 BC), located in present-day Henan and Hebei Provinces | |
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| | surname Zhao / one of the seven states during the Warring States period (476-220 BC) / the Former Zhao 前趙｜前赵 (304-329) and Later Zhao 後趙｜后赵 (319-350), states of the Sixteen Kingdoms | |
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| | (neologism c. 2019) to exert control over (sb) by means of psychological manipulation (e.g. negging) / a person who does so (loanword from "pickup artist") | |
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| | surname Zhi / Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農｜神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) / Spring and Autumn Annals, chronicle of Lu State (722-481 BC) | |
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| | the Xia or Hsia dynasty c. 2000 BC / Xia of the Sixteen Kingdoms (407-432) / surname Xia | |
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| | Qi son of Yu the Great 禹, reported founder of the Xia Dynasty 夏朝 (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC) | |
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| | capital of the Jin State during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-475 BC) | |
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| | the Warring States period (475-221 BC) | |
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| | Sun Tzu, also known as Sun Wu 孫武｜孙武 (c. 500 BC, dates of birth and death uncertain), general, strategist and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period (700-475 BC), believed to be the author of the “Art of War” 孫子兵法｜孙子兵法, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書｜武经七书 | |
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| | surname Cheng / Cheng (c. 2000 BC), third of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農｜神农 Farmer God | |
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| | surname Xue / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) | |
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| | surname Ji / family name of the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty 周代 (1046-256 BC) | |
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| | Shennong or Farmer God (c. 2000 BC), first of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 and creator of agriculture | |
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| | self / oneself / sixth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / sixth in order / letter "F" or Roman "VI" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / hexa | |
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| | Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔夫子 | |
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| | Hangu Pass in modern day Henan Province, strategic pass forming the eastern gate of the Qin State during the Warring States Period (770-221 BC) | |
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| | lit. warp and weft in weaving; vertically and horizontal / length and breadth / criss-crossed / able to move unhindered / abbr. for 合縱連橫｜合纵连横, School of Diplomacy during the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) | |
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| | surname Di / generic name for northern ethnic minorities during the Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | surname Ruan / small state during the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC) located in the southeast of present-day Gansu Province | |
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| | Ali (name) / Ali (c. 600-661), the fourth caliph of Islam / Ngari prefecture in Tibet | |
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| | Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature / Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject / Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government / Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC | |
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| | Shun (c. 23rd century BC), mythical sage and leader | |
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| | Guanzi or Guan Zhong 管仲 (-645 BC), famous politician of Qi 齊國｜齐国 of Spring and Autumn period / Guanzi, classical book containing writings of Guan Zhong and his school | |
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| | fifth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / fifth in order / letter "E" or Roman "V" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / penta | |
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| | School of Agriculture, school of thought of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) | |
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| | age / seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / seventh in order / letter "G" or Roman "VII" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 255° / hepta | |
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| | Li (c. 2000 BC), sixth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農｜神农 Farmer God, also known as Ai 哀 | |
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| | School of Logicians of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC), also called the School of Names | |
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| | vitamin C / ascorbic acid | |
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| | to play the xiao 簫｜箫 (mouth organ) / to beg while playing pipes; cf politician Wu Zixu 伍子胥, c. 520 BC destitute refugee in Wu town, 吳市吹簫｜吴市吹箫 / to busk / virtuoso piper wins a beauty, cf 玉人吹簫｜玉人吹箫 / (slang) fellatio / blowjob | |
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| | Laozi or Lao-tze (c. 500 BC), Chinese philosopher, the founder of Taoism / the sacred book of Daoism, 道德經｜道德经 by Laozi | |
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| | (coll.) (neologism c. 2006) to raise money then misappropriate it | |
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| | the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) | |
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| | Daoist School of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC), based on the teachings of Laozi or Lao-tze 老子 (c. 500 BC-) and Zhuangzi 莊子｜庄子 (369-286 BC) | |
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| | Mencius (c. 372-c. 289 BC), Confucian philosopher second only to Confucius / book of the same name, one of the classics of Confucianism | |
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| | Washington (name) / George Washington (1732-1799), first US president / Washington, US State / Washington, D.C. (US federal capital) | |
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| | Washington, D.C. / the US federal government | |
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| | Wu Qi (440-381 BC), military leader and politician of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC), author of Wuzi 吳子｜吴子, one of the Seven Military Classics of ancient China 武經七書｜武经七书 | |
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| | Classic of Mountain and Sea, probably compiled c. 500 BC-200 BC, contains wide range of geography, mythology, witchcraft, popular customs etc | |
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| | silent; still; quiet / to mourn in silence; to observe silence / (neologism c. 2022) to stay at home during a pandemic | |
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| | "Erya" or "The Ready Guide", first extant Chinese dictionary, c. 3rd century BC, with glossaries on classical texts | |
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| | the Qin (221-207 BC) and Han (206 BC-220 AD) dynasties | |
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| | Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 AD), also called 前漢｜前汉, Former Han Dynasty | |
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| | Fan Li (536-488 BC), politician of Yue state, businessman and economist | |
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| | the Yellow Emperor, mythological emperor of China, reigned c. 2697-2597 BC | |
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| | surname Zou / vassal state during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) in the southeast of Shandong | |
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| | Qu Yuan (340-278 BC), famous Warring States statesman and poet, author of Sorrow at Parting 離騷｜离骚 Lisao in Songs of Chu 楚辭｜楚辞 | |
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| | surname Zhou / Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC) | |
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| | Ying Zheng (260-210 BC), personal name of the first emperor 秦始皇 | |
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| | surname Chu / abbr. for Hubei 湖北省 and Hunan 湖南省 provinces together / Chinese kingdom during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods (722-221 BC) | |
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| | Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC) | |
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| | Daji (c. 11th century BC), concubine of the last Shang dynasty king Zhou Xin 紂辛｜纣辛 | |
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| | (of taste) hot or pungent / hard / laborious / suffering / eighth in order / eighth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 / letter "H" or Roman "VIII" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc / ancient Chinese compass point: 285° / octa | |
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| | greasy food; oily food / (of food) greasy; oily; fatty / (neologism c. 2017) (of a middle-aged man) obnoxious; pretentious; vulgar | |
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| | Hua Mulan, legendary woman warrior (c. fifth century), Northern dynasties folk hero recorded in Sui and Tang literature | |
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| | the state of Qin, one of the seven states of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | Liu Bang (256 or 247-195 BC), bandit leader who became first Han emperor Han Gaozu 漢高祖｜汉高祖 (reigned 202-195 BC) | |
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| | Xiang Yu the Conqueror (232-202 BC), warlord defeated by first Han emperor | |
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| | Mozi (c. 470-391 BC), founder of the Mohist School 墨家 of the Warring States Period (475-220 BC) | |
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| | Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BC) | |
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| | variant of 堯｜尧, legendary emperor Yao, c. 2200 BC / embankment | |
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| | Plato (c. 427-c. 347 BC), Greek philosopher | |
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| | Liangzhu (c. 3400-2250 BC), neolithic culture of Changjiang delta | |
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| | Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC) | |
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| | Aristotle (384-322 BC), Greek philosopher | |
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| | a low fever (up to 38°C) | |
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| | Qi state of Western Zhou and the Warring states (1122-265 BC), centered in Shandong | |
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| | Shu Han (c. 200-263), Liu Bei's kingdom in Sichuan during the Three Kingdoms, claiming legitimacy as successor of Han | |
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| | Flame Emperors (c. 2000 BC), legendary dynasty descended from Shennong 神農｜神农 Farmer God | |
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| | Zi Lu (542-480 BC), disciple of Confucius 孔夫子, also known as Ji Lu 季路 | |
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| | the Grand Canal, 1800 km from Beijing to Hangzhou, built starting from 486 BC | |
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| | Zuo Zhuan or Tsochuan, Mr Zuo's Annals or Mr Zuo's commentary on 春秋, early history c. 400 BC attributed to famous blind historian Zuo Qiuming 左丘明 | |
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| | Muhammad (c. 570-632), central figure of Islam and prophet of God | |
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| | Eastern Zhou (770-221 BC) | |
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| | Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) / refers to the Western Han and Eastern Han | |
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| | pomelo (Citrus maxima or C. grandis) / shaddock / oriental grapefruit | |
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| | the Legalist school of political philosophy, which rose to prominence in the Warring States period (475-221 BC) (The Legalists believed that social harmony could only be attained through strong state control, and advocated for a system of rigidly applied punishments and rewards for specific behaviors.) / a Legalist | |
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| | Changle, a district of Fuzhou City 福州市, Fujian / Princess Changle of Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties 西魏, given in marriage c. 545 to Bumin Khan 土門｜土门 | |
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| | Ai (c. 2000 BC), sixth of legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農｜神农 Farmer God, also known as Li 釐｜厘 | |
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